The fallacy of composition is a logical error that occurs when one assumes that what is true for an individual or a part is also true for the whole or the collective. In economics, the fallacy of composition refers to the mistaken belief that what is beneficial or logical for an individual or a group of individuals will also be beneficial or logical for the economy as a whole.
For example, let’s consider the scenario of a stadium. Suppose a stadium has a limited number of seats, and each seat provides a better view of the game if the person sitting in it stands up. It might be rational for an individual spectator to stand up to get a better view. However, if everyone in the stadium stands up simultaneously, nobody’s view will improve, and chaos might ensue.
In this case, the fallacy of composition occurs when individuals assume that what is true for them individually (standing up for a better view) will be true for everyone (improved views for all) when applied collectively. This fallacy ignores the interdependencies and interactions among individuals within a system.
The fallacy of composition can arise in various economic contexts. For instance, the belief that if one person saves more money, it will automatically lead to economic growth for the whole country. While saving can be beneficial for an individual, if everyone simultaneously saves more and reduces spending, it can actually lead to a decrease in overall demand and economic output.
Similarly, in macroeconomics, the fallacy of composition can arise when people assume that what is true for a particular sector or industry will be true for the entire economy. For example, if an industry experiences productivity gains through automation, it may lead to job losses in that industry. However, assuming that widespread automation across all industries will have the same effect on employment is a fallacy. It neglects the potential for job creation and shifts in labor demand in other sectors.
In summary, the fallacy of composition in economics occurs when one erroneously assumes that what is true for a part or an individual will also be true for the whole or the collective. It disregards the complex interactions and interdependencies that exist within economic systems.
